Mizoram Political History Zirchianna

- K. Remruatfela

M.A. (Public Administration) ; LL.M (Corporate & Business Law)

Advocate & Research Scholar

Social media hrang hrangah India sawrkar laka lungawihlohna hmuh tur leh hriat tur a tam thin hle a. Thu uar zual thenkhat phei chuan Zoram mipui duhthlanna tel lo, kan politician hmasa te Indian politician ten an bumthlak avang chauha India union chhunga awm ta mai anga rawn sawi te an awm leh zeuh thin a. Heng zawng zawng ngaihtuah hian thangtharte hian kan ram political history hi kan zir chian a tul zia ka hriat thar phah leh thin. Kan ram Political history dik tak, India Union chhunga Zofate khung luh kan lo nih dan zawng zawng hi zir chiang peih a, hre duh tak tak tan chuan finfiah a har reng reng lo va. Ngaihdan leh awndan neisa rana thu kan chhiar thin avangin kan pawm ang zawng pawmtute thuziah ang ang kha kan pawngpaw pawm mawl nghal tawp mai zel a. Ka thu chhiar lai hi a lo dik reng em tih finfiah tum pawh kan awm meuh thin lo. Thudik finfiah peih thalai kan tlem khawp mai. Hma kan sawnna tur tak pawh niin a lang.

Join Explore Mizoram Telegram channel for  update  @ https://t.me/exploremizoramchannel

Tun hma lam kha chuan…

Tun hma lehchhawng kha chuan Mizo te hi tuma thuhnuaia awm bik lovin khawtinah lal hran hran neiin kan lo bet fir fer tawh thin a. Hriatna leh thiamna a la tlem a, khawvel kan la daidar loh em avangin kan lalte pawhin khawvel hmun dangah anni aia ropui leh chak an lo awm thei ang tih rinngaihna hre lovin ‘Ni leh thla kara leng’ an lo inti hial ve tawh thin a. British in India a rawn awpa, mingo hovin kan ramri an lo rap thin tih kan hriat pawh khan pi leh pute khan ngaithei lovin tukdai an lo tum tawh thin a. Chutia an chhehvel hnamdangte kah an chin tak fo avang chuan British chuan kum 1889 tawp lamah Mizoram (Lushai Hills) an lo run a. Chu chu ‘Vailen vawi hnihna’ kan tih hi a ni. Kan lalte inremna an lo siampui tawh hnu pawha inremna thuthlung bawhchhiaa silai hmanga la kah fo an chin avangin kumpinu sawrkar chuan Mizote chu awp beh law law a tha ta zawkin an hria a. Assam tlangramte zingah Mizoram hi British sawrkar khan a lak hnuhnung ber kan ni awm e. 

British - India ah khung luh kan ni ta:

Khatia British in kan ram an rawn lak khan Schedule District Act (XIV of 1874) thu angin British-India hnuaia khungluh kan nihna pawh kum 1895 vel khan puan fel vek a ni a. Kum 1897 thleng khan Lunglei lam chu Bengal Province lamah Aizawl bial Assam Province lamah min dah darh a. Kum 1898 April ni khat khan Assam Province lamah min khungkhawm ta a ni. Indian Penal Code (IPC) hi British India a hman atan kum 1860 ah siam a ni a(Act No. XLV of 1860). Scheduled District Act 1874 (14 of 1874) a Section 5 thuneihna hmangin, IPC pawh chu kum 1898 ah Lushai Hills (Mizoram) an huamtir ta nghe nghe a. Kum 1912-a Bengal, Bihar, Orissa leh Assam ramri an siam khan Assam Province ah min beh nghehtir ta a ni. (Act 1912, Part 4 Schedule C).

Amaherawhchu, hnam mawl mai kan la nih avangin hnamfing tawh zawkte laka min humhim nan Govt. of Inda Act.1919 (52)(a)(2) in a sawi angin Governor General chuan Backward Tract order 59-ah kum 1921 June ni 3 atang khan keini chauh pawh ni lo heng Mikir Hills, North Cachar Hills (Halflong bial), Naga Hills, Sadya Frontier Tract, Balipara Frontier Tract leh Lakhipur Frontier Tract te nen hnam hnufual “Backward Tract” ah min puang.

Kum 1928 khan Mr.Simon leh a pawlte chuan ‘Backward Tract’ ho dinhmun enfiah turin Assam-ah an lo kal a. Assam Sawrkar chuan Shillong Municipality nena tangkawpin heng ‘Backward Tract’ area chhunga awmte hi Assam Provincial government pawna dah a tulzia tihian an lo hrilh a:

There was a time not long ago when attention was directed to that frontier, and the time may soon come when the frontier will become no less, if not more important for the defence of India that the North West Frontier. The administration of which is a charge of the Central revenues.

Excluded Area-ah min dah:

Queen Elizabeth II thupek angin kum 1600 khan East India Company te chuan India ramah sumdawnna an lo tan a. Kum 1858 atang phei chuan Company rorelna titawpin England lal chuan a theuneihna hmangin India a rawn awp ta hial a. Chumi a awp atang chuan India mipuiten anmahni awptu kumpinu sawrkar lakah lungawi ni reng reng an nei ta lo va. Zalen boruak hip phalova hnuaichhiah an nih fo avang chuan zalen nih duhna leh sap huatna boruak a sosang chak ta hle a. Kumpinu sawrkar pawhin ngaihthah mai mai chi-a a hriat tak loh avangin inkaihruaina dang hrang hrang a siam tawhte ennawnin a siamtha hret hret a. Ram bung (Province) tin ten mahni thuneihna tâwkfang (Provincial autonomy) nei turin a rel ta a. Chu Danpui chu Government of India Act, 1935 tih a ni.

Chutichuan, Province tin te chuan Legislative Assembly (dan siamna) mipui thlan leh Ministry an nei ta a. Assam ah pawh chuan chutiang Legislative Asembly chu neih a ni a. Nimahsela, bial hnufual zual thenkhat, mipui s awrkarna la phâk ve lo a an ngaihte an awm a. Chungte chu “Excluded Area” an vuah a. Chung zingah chuan Mizote pawh kan tel ve a ni. Indian Act of 1935 (92) (1) chuan, “Excluded leh partially Excluded bialte chu Province Executive thuneihnain a huam a. Amaherawhchu Central leh Province dan siamte chu Governor in hman tur a ti te a nih loh chuan hman a ni lo ang” a ti.

Excluded Area tih awmzia:

“Excluded” awmzia chu “huam tel ve loh”, “daidan hnan” tihna a ni a.  Assam Assembly-ah pawh aiawh kan tir ve ngai lova. (A chutih avang chuan heti lamah hian kan beng pawh a ngawng deuh maithei e). Assam Governor chuan a hranpa ngatin min awp a, Governor aiawhin Superintendent-in Dictator-in min awp ta a. Assam MLA ho Dan siamte chu hnam lo changkang tawh zawkte mila siam anih thin avangin, chungte laka min humhim nan chuan Superintendent (Bawrhsap) in Mizorama hman ve a rem tih chinte chauh loh chu kan hmang ve ngai lo a ni. 

Heti a nih vang hian mi tam tak chuan Govt. of India Act 1935-in Excluded Area’ a hrilhfiahna hi hrethiam lovin, Mizote hi India ram laka ata min exclude (Daidan) na ni-ah an ngai thin a. Chutiang hawi zawnga ziak lehkhabu pawh hmuh tur a awm leh zeuh thin. Pu Keihawla MCS Rtd. chuan, ‘Mizote hi Excluded Area a awm kan nih vang khan British India ah awp kan ni ve lo va, Foreign Department hmanga England Lal in min awp zawk a ni a ti thin a. A innghahna ber chu Government of India Act, 1935-a Sec 311 (1) thu hi a ni:

In this Act and, unless the context otherwise requires, in any other Act the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say:—

" British India " means all territories for the time being comprised within the Governors' Provinces and the Chief Commissioners' Provinces;

" India" means British India together with all territories of any Indian Ruler under the suzerainty of His Majesty, all territories under the suzerainty of such an Indian Ruler, the tribal areas, and any other territories which His Majesty in Council may, from time to time, after ascertaining the views of the Federal Government and the Federal Legislature, declare to be part of India;

" Burma " includes (subject to the exercise by His Majesty of any powers vested in him with respect to the alteration of the boundaries thereof) all territories which were immediately before the commencement of Part III of this Act comprised in India, being territories lying to the east of Bengal, the State of Manipur, Assam, and any tribal areas connected with Assam;

" British Burma" means so much of Burma as belongs to His Majesty;

" Tribal areas " means the areas along the frontiers of India or in Baluchistan which are not part of British India or of Burma or of any Indian State or of any foreign State;

" Indian State" includes any territory, whether described as a State, an Estate, a Jagir or otherwise, belonging to or under the suzerainty of a Ruler who is under the suzerainty of His Majesty and not being part of British India;

" Ruler " in relation to a State means the Prince, Chief or other person recognised by His Majesty as the Ruler of the State.

Tin, hei bakah hian Art. 262 (1) of Government of India Act, 1935 thu hi behchhanah a hmang bawk a:

Eligibility for office of persons who are not British subjects-

The Ruler or a subject of a Federated State shall be eligible to hold any civil office under the Crown in India in connection with the affairs of the Federation, and the Governor-General may declare that the Ruler or any subject of a specified Indian State which is not a Federated State, or any native of a specified tribal area or territory adjacent to India, shall be eligible to hold any such office, being an office specified in the declaration.

Ani bakah hian MNF hotu lawk, Tawnluia chuan MNF Golden Jubilee Souvenir ah tihian a ziak bawk a:-

Sapho (British) in min awpna hnuaiah pawh khan Mizoram chu British-India ah min telh ngai lova, Chin Hills Regulation 1896 leh Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulatiion 1873 te hmanga awp kan ni a. Govt. of India Act, 1935 ah pawh Mizoram leh Naga te chu huam ve loh ram ‘EXCLUDED AREA’ ah dah kan ni. Chumi avang chuan India Independence Bill Sec 7, Sub Sec 2-ah Mizoram awm dan tur tihchian a ni ve lo reng a ni.

Tin, ani bakah hian Mizo National Front (MNF) ten India sawrkar laka zalenna an sual pawh khan ‘Mizote hi Excluded Area-a dah kan nih avangin India Independent hmain Indian kan ni ngai lo tih chu auhla berah an rawn nei ve bawk a. An hruaitu lawk - R.Vanlawma, R.Zamawia, C.Zama, Isaac Zoliana ldt. pawhin an lehkhabu siamah hetiang hawizawn theuh hian an ziak bawk a. Anni mai bakah Naga Writer ropui Prof. Suhal Nag pawhin a lehkhabu, ‘India & North-East India – Mind, Politics and the Process of Integration 1946 – 1950’ tihah Mizote hi Indian kan nih ngai loh thu nasa takin a rawn tlangaupui bawk a.

A lehlamah mi tam tak, heti lo lam hawizawnga ziak an awm bawk a. Chung zinga chhinchhiah tlak tak pakhat chu Mizo zinga Rajya Sabha MP hmasa ber, R.Thanhlira`n a lehkhabu ‘Mizoram leh Kei’ tih-a ziahte hi an ni. A lehkhabuah chuan tihian a ziak a – 

Excluded Area a dah kan nih chhan ber chu khatih hunlai khan Mizote hi hnam la changkang lo tak leh mawl tak kan la nih avangin Assam tlangmi, pianphunga puitling tawh zawkte nena Dan rorelna khata awm tlak hrih lova min ngaih vang leh kan la phak lo deuha min awptu Kumpinu Sawrkar khan min rin vang a ni a… 

Tin, Pu R.Thanhlira vek chuan heti hian a lo ziak tawh bawk a:

British sawrkarin India a awp lai chuan Official te, tangka te pawh India sawrkar tangka lo chu a awm ngai lova. Chuvangin India a indan (independent) thleng khan, Mizoram a sawrkar hnathawk zawng zawng, Mizo leh hnam dangte pawh, India sawrkar mi rawih vek an ni. Tin, kum sawm dan zela mihring chhiarpui (census) India Sawrkarin a siam thu ah pawh, Mizoram mipui te chu chhiar tel an ni ve ziahin, India ram mipui tam lam ziahna ah pawh telh zel thin a ni bawk.

Heng ngaihdan inperhsan tak pahnih hi ngun taka kan chika, uluk taka kan khaikhin a tul hle. Politician hmasa Pu H.Vanthuama chuan, Government of India Act 1935 in ‘Tribal Areas’ ti-a a hrilhfiah hi chu India ram mi pawh ni lo, British-India-a tel lo, British Baluchistan leh North Eastern Frontier Agency tih ramri bula awmte an ni a. ‘Un-Administered Areas’ ti pawhin an sawi bawk thin. Government of India Act 1935 ina “Excluded Area” leh “Partially Excluded” Area ti-a a dah hote erawh hi chu British-India chhunga awm sate vek an nih vangin ‘State Tribal Areas’ ti-a sawi thin bik an ni a. Government of India Act 1935 in ‘Tribal Areas’ ti-a a sawite nen ngaihfin/ngaihpawlh tur a ni lo ‘, a lo ti ve bawk a.

Sec 311 (1) of Government of India Act 1935 ah khan Tribal areas chu ‘The areas along the frontiers of India or in Baluchistan which are not part of British India or of Burma or of any Indian State or of any foreign State’ a lo ti ngei tak na a. Amaherawhchu, hemi Section vek han chhiar thlak zelin India tih chu heti hian a hrilhfiah leh tho a. “India means British India together with all territories of any Indian Ruler under the suzerainty of His Majesty, all territories under the suzerainty of such an Indian Ruler, the tribal areas, and any other territories which His Majesty in Council may, from time to time, after ascertaining the views of the Federal Government and the Federal Legislature, declare to be part of India”. Chuvangin, Sec 311 (1) hi ngunthluk taka han zirchian chuan ‘Tribal Areas’ kan tithe ho pawh hi ‘India’ tihah chuan kan lo tel ve vek tho a ni.

Tin, Keihawla khan a lehkhabuah vek khan Mizoram (Lushai Hills) te Excluded Area-a dah kan nih chungchangah Foreign Documents hrang hrang kha a lo haichhuak nasa hle a. Mizote chu Crown Colony kaltlanga Viceroy awp kan nih thuin tlang a  kawm nghe nghe a.  Chutihlaia kan hriat tur erawh chu khatih hunlai khan British-India te hi British sawrkarin min awp a. Kum 1857 hnuah phei chuan British-India ah sawrkar inawpna nasa taka thlak danglam a ni a. Kum 100 chuang zet British Company awpna hnuaia awm tawh chu British lal-in (King/Queen)in Secretary of State kaltlangin min rawn awp ta a. He rorelna kalphung inthlak thu hi Government of India Act, 1858 Clause 1 in a tarlang chiang hle: 

Government of India Act, 1858 declared that – “Henceforth India would be governed by and in the name of Her Majesty the Queen of England. The Government and revenues of Indian territories with paramountcy rights over and the tributes from Indian States were vested in the Crown.”

Heta tang pawh hian thil awmzia chu a lang chiang viau. Mi thenkhat lo ngaihdana ‘Excluded Area’ kan nih vanga India ram lak ata hrang hlak, Independent ram ang ziazanga kan lo inngaih thinte kha belhchian dawl a lo ni lem lo tih kan hre thei ang.

Government of India Act1935 hi ngunthluk taka kan zirchian chuan British Sawrkar khan India ram hi hmun 3-ah min then a tih theih a, chungte chu:

Princely State

British-India

Tribal Areas

Princely State an tih hote hi chu lalram zau tak tak nei niin mahni-a ro inrel hrang thin an ni a. A lian deuhte phei chuan Sipaite, Tangka te, Dar te, Inbiaknate leh Relkawng te an nei hrang a. A lar zual thinte chu Hyderabad, Mysore, Kashmir, Patiala, Tranvancore etc te hi an ni. British-India an tih hote chu Princely State leh Tribal Area ni lo zawng, British Sawrkarin a laka, a awp ramte an ni a. Chungte chu State ti lovin Province tiin a hming an vuah a. Chungte chu – Assam, Bengal, Punjab, Bihar etc. te hi an ni. 

Heng pahnih bakah hian ‘Tribal Areas’ an tih hote hi an awm leh a. Chungte chu ‘Excluded Area’ leh ‘Partially Excluded Area’ chhung awmte hi kan ni. ‘Tribal Areas’ te pawh hi India ramah kan awm ve vek thu Sec 311 (1) ah chiang takin kan hmu a. British in India ram min awp chhung khan awp dan chi 3 in min awp a. Chung zingah chuan Tribal Areas te pawh hi kan tel ve a ni tih chu India ram Prime Minister hmasa ber, Jawahar Lal Nehru in Naga zalenna sualtu, Phizo-a a chhanletna thu hian a nemnghet chiang viau –

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru`s letter in reply to Mr. Phizo published in Statesman 19th August, 1947, New Delhi – 1947

“The tribal area are defined as being those along the frontier of India which are neither part of India, nor of Burma, nor of any Indian State, nor of any foreign power”. These area are sub-divided and the Governor General`s relation with the inhabitants are regulated by Sonads, Customs and Usage. In the matter of internal administration the areas are largely left to themselves. Although the Tribal Areas are technically under the sovereignty of His Majesty`s Government, their status, when a new Constitution comes into force in India, will be different from that of Aden, over which the Governor General no longer has executive Authority. Owing to their inaccessibility and their importance to India in its defence strategy, their retention as British possession is most unlikely. One view is that with the end of sovereignty in India, the Government of India will enter into the same relations with the tribal areas as the Governor General maintains now, unless the people of these areas choose to seek integration with India”.   

Hetihlai hian Pu C.Chawngkunga, Ex-Minister chuan, ‘Excluded Area’ leh ‘Partially Excluded Area’-a awmte hi a nihna takah chuan ‘Tributory’ (Chhiah Khua) kan ni a. Rom Sawrkarin Israel ram a awp laia Israel te dinhmun ang deuh kha kan ni a, kan dinhmun a chhiain a chep hle a ni, a lo ti bawk a. Tin, chutihlai erawh chuan British-India hnuaiah ngaihdan sawi ve pha lo leh thu leh hla pawh nei ve vak lovin kan awm tho a. Kan mi hmasaten British-India chhunga awm kan ni an tih pawh hi a dik lo lem lova, Chhiah Khua kan nih miah avangin British-India Official Documents ah kan langsar pha ve lo mai chauh a ni, a ti a, a pawmawm khawpin ka hria.  

Thil chhinchhiah tlak tak chu British-India chhunga mite chauh hman tura an duan ‘Indian Penal Code, 1860’ hi Mizoram chhungah hman ve a ni tlat a. Tin, India Independence hma zawng pawh khan British-India Census-ah Lushai Hills (Mizoram) hi chhiar tel ve ziah a ni. Chutiang a nih vang chuan Tribal Areas te hi Excluded Area a dah ni mah ila, India rama awm tho kan ni a, British - India kan nihna a khawihbuai pha chuang lo tih kan hre thei ang.

 ‘Excluded Area’ awmzia diktak, Government of India Act 1935 Sec 92 in a tarlan chu, hemi Act veka Sec. 302 hian a hrilhfiah chiang viau a. A fiah zawk nan a saptawng ang ang hian ka rawn dah lang ang e:

The provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 (Sec.91 & 92) are based on the principle that legislation which is passed by the Provincial Legislature is often likely to be unsuitable for application to the Hill Districts. The mechanism provided for "filtering" the legislation is therefore to empower the Governor of the Province to apply or not to apply such legislation. The main features of the provisions are that certain areas have been scheduled as excluded or partially excluded; it is possible for areas to be transferred from the category of excluded to the category of partially excluded by an Order-in-Council and, similarly, from the category of partially excluded to the category of non-excluded; legislation will not apply automatically to any such scheduled area even if it is Hethem at all, can make alterations. The revenues for excluded areas are charged to the revenues of the Province and special regulations, which do not apply to the rest of the Province, may be made by the Governor in his discretion for excluded and partially excluded areas.

Heta tang hian Excluded Area tih awmzia dik tak leh British India hnuaia Excluded Area te pawh kan lo tel ve zia min hriatchhuahtir theih a rinawm a. Assam Legislative in min awp lo mah se, Assam Governor in min awp tho avang khan Mizoram hi British India ah kan tel tih a tichiang em em a ni. Khang hunlai, Mizoram insingsak fel hunlaia Mizo Union Party Secretary hna chelhlai Pu H.Vanthuama pawhin heti hian a lehkhabu-ah a lo sawi ve bawk a:

Kum 1935 khan British Parliamnent chuan British Indiaa India Province tinte ro inrel dan tur “Provincial Autonomy Act” chu a pass a. Amaherawhchu Mizoramte chu Provincial Legislature zawm lovin Excluded area ah dah a ni. He order hi Lushai Hills District Pu A.G.Mc Call, Mizoram Bawrhsap lehkhabu chhuah phek 2-naah pawh chhuah a ni. He lehkhabu hi chhuah atan Secretary to the Governor of Assam lehkha No.4720 G.S. of 7.11.1938 in a rawn pawmpui ta a. Heta tang hian Mizoram chu British awp lai chuan British India hnuaia Assam Province chhunga awm ngei a ni tih chu phat rual a ni lo.

Mizoram chu Assam District 12-te zinga district pakhatah min dah a, Lushai Hills District tih kan ni a. Min enkawlna zawng zawng pawh Assam sawrkar sum vek niin, kan Bawrhsap-te pawh Indian Civil Service (ICS) pachal te an ni a. A hnuaia sapte hote pawh Assam sawrkar hnuaia thawklai, Zorama rawn transfer chhoh te an ni zela. Sipai sawrkar hnuaiah tho hian enkawl dan hrang bikin min enkawl mai a ni. British India hnuaia Assam sawrkar enkawl vek kan ni reng a. Chuvangin British India hun chhung pawh khan India ramah dah kan ni vek tih a chiang khawp mai. Heti tehnuaih a nih vang hi a ni mahna Mr. SK Chaube pawhin, ‘This peculiar legal status of the area was ended only after the transfer of power’ ti-a a lo sawi fo thin ni!!!

Duhthlang thei kan ni em?

India Independent tantirh ata tawh tun thlenga Independent chungchanga thu inchuh fo chu, Mizote hian Burma emaw, Pakistan emaw, India zawm emaw, British Crown Colony-a awm emaw, Independent a awm emaw kan duh duh thlang thei ni anga sawi hi a ni a. Hei hi MNF Independent Declaration thu bul ber pawh a ni. Hetih hunlai vek hian British sawrkara an mi challang tak, Oxford University-a an mithiam, Prof. Coupland-a pawhin India Independent hnuah Mizoram hi British Crown Colony ah awm tur angin a lo sawi thin a. Hei hi mipui rilru a ti phawklek nasa hle.

Chhim lamah Baptist Missionary ho te pawhin Mizoram hi Crown Colony-a a awm ngei theih nan a rukin tan an lo khawh ve nasa em em a. Mi pawimawh leh challang deuh ni-a an hriatte a ruka lo aukhawmin Crown Colony-a awm a thatzia an lo sawipui thin a. He thu hi Pu Ch.Saprawnga`n a hriat veleh Baptist Missionary te chu an ram Politics-a lo inrawlh ve tawh lo turin a kamkhat a, an sawi zui ngam ta lova. 

Indopui pahnihna tawp lam, khawvel politics a insingsak buai vel lai khan kumpinu sawrkar pawh a ram awp, India te dinhmun tur ngaihtuahin an phili buai hle a. Prof. David R. Syiemleih`an, “On the Edge of Empire - Four British Plans for North East India, 1941-1947” tih bu-a a sawi dan chuan khatihlaia British Sawrkar hnuaia North East Tribal te awptu mi hrang hrang - Sir Robert N. Reid, Governor of Assam (1937-42) te; James P. Mills, Advisor to the Government of Assam for Tribal Areas and States leh amah thlaktu  Philip F. Adams te khan a rukin heng Excluded Area-a a awm te hi India Independent hnuah pawh la awpbeh chhunzawm a, Crown Colony anga dah an tum ruh hle a. Sir Robert Reid pawh khan khatih hunlaia Endland rama an mithiam chungchuang, Oxford University Professor, Prof. Coupland hnenah he thu hi thlenin, Prof. Coupland pawhin British Sawrkar hruaitute hmin tumin a tlangaupui nasa hle thin a. ‘Coupland Plan’ ti-a hriat lar hi a ni.

Amaherawhchu, kum 1941 khan Atlantic hmunah America President, Franklin D. Roosevelt leh British Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill chuan thupuan intawm ‘The Atlantic Charter 1941’ chu an puang a. Chu Atlantic Charter-ah chuan awpbeha awm hnam hrang hrangte chu mahni-a ro inrel thei turin zalenna an nei tur a ni tih chu a thu laimu ber a ni a. He ‘Atlantic Charter’ Paragraph No. 3 naah chuan heti hian a chuang a - 

They respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them.

Kum 1945 khan England ramah Inthlanpui neih a ni a. Sir Winston Churchill chu Clement Atlee chuan a rawn lehthal ta a. Clement Atlee chu British Prime Minister a lo nih takah khan Atlantic Charter thuthlung tihhlawhtlinna nipahfawmin, hetia Indopuiin nasa taka ram a hrek retheih tawh laia ram zau tak tak awp ai chuan, ramchhunga economy dinhmun chawisan kha policy ah a nei ta zawk a.

Tin, khatihlaia Sir Robert Reid thlaka, Assam Governor ni mek Sir Andrew G. Glow (1942-47) khan Crown Colony din hi tha a ti tehchiam lova. Thil tih chi ni-a a ngaih loh thu Clement Atlee hnenah hian lehkha a thawn a. Chu lehkha thawna Sir Andrew Glow ngaihdan chu Prime Minister Clement Atlee pawm zawng tak a lo ni a. Chung zawng zawngte avang chuan Crown Colony pawh a lo pamtul ta a. Kum 1947 May thla laihawla British Parliament-a hemi chungchang hi rei tak khel a nih hnuah an chungchang chu India Sawrkar tharte ngaihtuah turin thu an titlu ta zawk a ni. Heng atangte hian Pu Ch.Saprawnga leh Mizo Union Party te duh leh duhloh vanga Crown Colony-a awma awm ta lo kan lo nih lohzia chu a langciang hle. Thangtharte hian reality leh facts tak tak hre ziktluak si lova, tute emaw politics inchirtheihna thu mai maite hi pawmdan leh ngaihdan chintawk kan neih thiam a tul takzet!

Hetih hunlaia politics boruak vir vel dik tak chu Lushai Hills (Mizoram) Superintendent Mac Donald tawngkam hian a hailang chiang hlein a hriat - 

India Independent huna Assam tlang mite awm dan tur hi lo ruahman diam tum a ni a, chumi atan chuan District Bawrhsap ho Kohima-ah kan inkhawm a, Independent hmain peih vek tum a ni a; amaherawhchu, Sapram inthlanah Conservative Pu Churchill-a hruai Sawrkar chu Labour Pawl Clement Atlee-a hruai Sawrkarin a thlak a, India chu Independent a pek thut avangin, ngaihtuah chhunzawm theih a ni ta lova. Mizoram tan bik erawh chuan he ruahmanna hi ka siam a, a tlai ta deuh va, keipawh hi India Sawrkar hnuaia awm ka ni tawh a, ka tih tur pawh a ni chiah lova, mipui thlan turin thurawn angin ka sawi a ni. 

Chutia British Parliament meuhin thu a tihtluk tawh hnuah pawh chuan Mizote hi duhthlang thei anga sawina tam tak an la awm cheu a. Mizo mipui mai bakah Mizoram Political Party hruaitute pawh khan an dinhmun tur hi an la hre chiang mai bik lo niin a lang. Pu R.Vanlawma khan a lehkhabu - ‘Ka Ram leh Kei’ tihah khan India Union chhung luh rawttuah khan Mizoram atanga Co-opted member pahnih, Pu Ch.Saprawnga leh Pu Khawtinkhuma te kha a puh deuh a. He thu hi Ziaktu thangthar tam takten behchhanah an rawn hman deuh nual hlawm a. Amaherawhchu, hei hi thu dik ziktluaklo leh thu belhchian dawllo a ni.

 Duhthlang thei kan ni titute sawi dan thinah chuan, kum 1946-a Constituent Assembly Advisory Sub-Committee for North Eastern India, Aizawl-a lo kal khan Kulikawn-a public meeting-ah heta lo kal zinga mi Sir B.N.Rao-a khan Mizote hian in duh duh in thlang thei a, amaherawhchu India Union-a luh hi in tan a tha ber ang a ti a ni an ti a. Sawi dan dang lehah chuan Sir B.N. Rao-a khan chutiang takin a sawi awzawng lo an ti thung bawk.

He Advisory Sub-Committee ah hian Mizorama Political party awmchhun Mizo Union Party aiawhin khatihlaia Mizo Union Head-quarter, Aizawl President Pu Khawtinkhuma leh Sub Head-quarter, Lunglei President Pu Ch.Saprawnga te kha co-opted member niin an tel ve a. Mizorama an lo kala, Circuit House-a an thukhawm tum a, Rev.Dr. Zairema`n duhthlan theih a ni nge nih loh tih Sir B.N. Rao a zawhna a chhan dan chu Pu Ch.Saprawnga`n tihian a lehkhabu-ah  a tarlang a. 

Kumpinu Sawrkar tirh Cabinet Mission ri ruat danin British India zawng zawng chu India Union-a lut vek tura tih a ni a. Zoram pawh British india chhunga tel in nih avangin khungtel in ni a.Tichuan an chhuah hnua (British ho) sawrkar awmdan turah in ngaihdan kan hre duh a ni e”. a ti a, tiin a ziak. Pi Lalziki pawhin hemi thu bawk hi zawtin, “Chu, India Union kan zawm duh nge duh lo tih in hre duh a ni maw?” a han ti leh a. Sir B.N. Rao bawk chuan, “Ni lo, chutiang chu keini thuken pawnlam a ni. India Union chhunga in dinhmun tur engtin nge ni ang tih rawn sawipui tur che u in kan lo kal a ni.

Ni 18 July 1947 khan India Independence Act, 1947 chu hman theih tura pass a ni a. Chu India Independence Act, 1947 ah chuan Mizote hi duhthlang thei kan nih thu reng reng a lang lova. Khatihlai khan India ramah ‘Reng Lal’ kan tih thin ang kha 635 an awm a. Khang Reng ram te kha ‘Princely States’ an ti a. Chung Princely State te chu an duh leh India rama awm chhunzawm emaw Pakistan-a beh emaw Independent ram anga awm turin emaw duhthlan theihna an pe a. Reng lal 560 laiin India rama beh an thlang a. Tin, heng ho bakah hian, Assam rama Sylhet District leh Punjab-ahte, dinhmun a chian tawk loh avangin mipui ngaihdan lakna (Referendum) a awm bawk a. Sylhet District chu Pakistan-ah a lut ta a. Punjab ram zatve zet pawh Pakistan-ah a lut ve ta a ni. Lushai (Mizo) tan Pakistan zawm emaw, Burma zawm emaw, Crown Colony-a awm zel emaw chungchanga duhthlan theihna awm thu reng reng a awm ve hauh lo!

India Independence Act, 1947 hman a nih tan hnuah pawh inhnialna a la awm fo avangin ni 14 August, 1947-a Aizawla mi pawimawh zual 50 lai Bawrhsap Peter`an a kokhawm tumah pawh hemi thu hi sawi a ni a. Assam Governor hnenah zuk zawhfiah nise an ti a, an zuk zawt ta a. Chuta Governor rawn chhanna Aizawl Bawrhsap Office atanga a tihchhuah chu hetiang hi a ni. A ngai ang angin lo tarlang ila:- 

(i). There can be no question of the Lushais leaving the Indian Union as in law, the   Lushai country being an Excluded area was already part of Assam.

(ii). That the Lushai must remain with the Indian with the Indian Union and cannot joint either Pakistan or Burma.

(iii). That in view of the Constitutional position stated above, the question of opting out after 10 (ten) years does not arise.

He Governor chhanna copy hi saptawnga ziah a nih vang leh mi tlemte hnena a copy sem a nih vang hian tumah pawhin an ngaihven zui em em hran lo niin a lang a. Tin, kha tih lai khan politics-ah mipuite an la mawlmang em em a. Tun hnuah sawiseltu an awm anga, inhnialna a rawn piang dawn tih an lo hre lawk lovin intlawhkhalhna chang an hre lo pawh a ni thei. Tun hnaiah thil a nihna diktak hrechiang hmasa lova Ziaktu tam tak ten, India Independent hmain Zofate hi Indian mi kan ni ngai lo tiin thiam takin Mizo Union tanhmun an rawn phetthlu char char mai si-a. Lehlamah, Mizo Union hruaitu hluite an lo thi zo tawh bawk nen, thangtharte thudik haichhuaka ke pen ngam tur hi Zofate hian a mamawhin a au tak meuh meuh a ni.

……………………….. xox ………………………..

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Bareh, Hamlet: Encyclopedia of North East India : Mizoram, published by Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2007, 3rd. Edition 

Bhaksi, PM: Preamble – The Basic & Structure of Constitution of India, published by Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2004

Bualhranga: Khuarei Sulhnu, published by Lianchhungi Book Store, Aizawl, 2021

Chaltuahkhuma: History of Mizoram, published by the Author, Aizawl, 1990

Chatterjee, Suhas: Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom, published by MD Publications, New Delhi, 1995

Chatterjee, Suhas: Mizoram under British Rule, published by Mittal Publications, Delhi, 1985

Chaube, SK: Hill Politics in North East India, published by Oreint Longman Limited, New Delhi, 1999, 2nd. Edition 

Chhuanvawra, KL: Mizo Union Kha, published by the Author, Serchhip, 2006

 

Deogaonkar: Tribal Administration & Development with Ethnographic Profiles of Selected Tribes, published by Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1994

Dokhuma, James: Ch.Chhunga Chanchin, published by Gilzom Offset Press, Aizawl, 1999

Doungel, Jangkhongam: Ram Darthlalang (Socio – Political Issues in the Sixth Schedule Area of Mizoram, published by Spectrum Publications, Assam,  2013

Frontiers and Overseas Expeditions from India’, published by Intelligence Branch Division of the Chief of the Staff, Army Headquarters, California, 1907, Volume IV.

Goswami, BB: The Mizo Unrest – A study of Politicization of Culture, published by Alkesh Publishers, Jaipur, 1981

Government of Mizoram. Directorate of Art & Culture: Mizoram District Gazetteers, Aizawl, 1989

Hansaria, BL: Six Schedule of Indian Constitution, published by the Universal Law Publishing Company, Delhi 2010

Hermana, C : Zoram Buai Lai Khan, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2015

Hmar, Samuel Lalrozama: Thalaite Khawvel, published by  Creativentures, Pune, 2014

Hmar, Lalsangkimi: C.Pahlira, published by C.Lalramdina, Aizawl, 2012

Hmingthanga, F: Mizoram Politic Thlirletna, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2003

Hnamte, Lalchhuanmawia: Mizoram Sulhnu, published by Zirsangzeli, Aizawl, 2012

Hrangthiauva, Mizo History, published by C.Chhuanvawra & Sons, Aizawl, 2011

Joshi, HG: Mizoram – Past & Present, published by Mittal Publication, New Delhi, 2005

Lalbuaia: Zoram Hming Hmel, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2000

Laldenga: Mizoram Marches Towards Freedom, published by Lalbiakdiki, Aizawl, 2011

Lalhnehzovi, District Administration in Mizoram, published by Mittal Publications, Delhi, 2006

Lalhruaitluanga: Zoram Vartian, published by Fineprints, Aizawl, 2008

Lalnithanga, P: Political Development of Mizoram, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2008

Lalrinchhana, HTC: An analytical study of Mizoram Judiciary: A holistic approach and challenges ahead, published by Rualkhuma Colney, Aizawl, 2008

Lalrinthanga, MC: Zoram Politik (1976 – 1986), published by the Author, Aizawl, 1993, 2nd Edition

Liangkhaia, Mizo Chanchin, published by LTL Publications, 2011, 6th Edition

Lalthangliana, B: Mizo Chanchin, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2009

Mackenzie, Alexander: History of the Relations of the Government with the Hills Tribe of the North-East Frontier of Bengal, published by the Cambridge University Press, New York, 1, 1884

McCall, AG: Lushai Chrysalis, published by the Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd, Kolkata, 1949

Mizoram Ex-Councillor`s Association: Souvenir on Democratic Pioneers in Mizoram, 2016

Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee: Remna Lamtluang Documentary Souvenir, 2006

MNF Golden Jubilee (1961 – 2011) Souvenir, Aizawl, 2011

Nag, Suhal: Contesting Marginality: Ethnicity, Insurgence and Sub-Nationalism In North East India, published by Manohar Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2002

Nunthara, C: Mizoram – Society & Polity, published by Indus Publishing Company, 1996

Nag, Suhal: India & North-East India – Mind, Politics and the Process of Integration 1946 – 1950, published by the Regency Publications, 1998

Nayak, Bhabani Shankar: Nationalizing Crises – The Political Economy of Public Policy in Contemporary India, published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2007

Pachuau, Rintluanga: Mizoram: A study in comprehensive geography, published by the Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 2009

Paranjape, NV: Indian Legal & Constitutional History, published by Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 2006, Sixth Edition and Reprint at 2010

Pathak, Bindeshwar & Srivarstava, BN: Constitutional safeguards for Weaker sections and the minorities of India, published by the Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1999

Patnaik, Jagadish Kumar: Mizoram - Dimensions & Perspectives, published by Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2008

Prasad, RN: Autonymy Movements in Mizoram, published by Vikas Publication House, New Delhi, 1994

Prasad, RN & Chakraborty, P: Administration of Justice in Mizoram, published by Mittal Publications, Delhi, 2006 

Prasad, RN & Agarwal, RK: Modernization of the Mizo Society – Imperatives and Perspectives, published by the Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2003

Prasad, RN : Government & Politics in Mizoram, published by Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 1987

Raltawna, H: Mizoram Khawi Lamah Nge?, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2007

Ralte, Lalrinawmi: Upa Chalhnuna – Mizo Nun leh Kohhran, published by Shalom Publications, Aizawl, 2009

Ray, Animesh: Mizoram, published by National Book Trust, Delhi, 1993

Ray, Animesh: Mizoram, Dynamics of change, published by Pearl Publications, Delhi, 1982 

Reddy, PL Sanjeev: Peace & Development in North East India, published by Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2008 

Remruatfela, K: Indian Union chhunga Zofate rin luh kan nih dan, published by Loisbet Publication, Aizawl, 2016

Remruatfela, K: Mizoram Judiciary Than chhoh dan, published by Loisbet Publication, Aizawl, 2018

Ropianga, R: Zoram Khua a la var ang, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2014

Sailo, Keihawla: Golden history of Lushai Hills, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2010

Sharma, Suresh K: Documents on North East India: Mizoram, published by Mittal publications, New Delhi, 2008

Sharma, Suresh Kant & Sharma, Ushant: Discovery of North-East India, published by the Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2008

Sinha, Harendra: Bureaucracy and Rural Development in Mizoram, published by Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2012

Syiemlieh, David R: On the Edge of Empire (Four British plans for North-East India 1941 – 1947), published by SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2014

Thanghuama, J: Mizoram Quovadis, published by V.L. Chhuanga, Aizawl, 1981

Thangliana, David M: Lal Thanhawla, published by Lalrinliana Sailo, Aizawl, 2012

Thanhranga, HC: District Councils in the Mizo Hills (Updated), published by the Author, Aizawl, 2007

Thanhlira, R: Mizoram leh Kei, published by Lian Sangluri, Aizawl, 2013

Thornberry, Patrict: Indigenous people and Human Rights, published by the Manchester University Press, United Kingdom, 2002

 Tochhawng, Rini & Hluna, JV: The Mizo Uprising (Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement 1966 – 1971), published by Cambridge Scholars, United Kingdom, 2002Saab Publishers & Distributors, Delhi, 7th. Edition

Vanchiau, C. Lalawmpuia: Rambuai Literature, pubished by Lengchhawn Press, Aiawl, 2014

Vandir, Jenny Lalchhanchhuahi & Remruatfela, K & Lalnunsiama, T: Legal Forum II, published by K.Remruatfela, Aizawl, 2015 

Vanlalauva, K: Indenpendent puan leh Underground Sawrkar, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2021

Vanlalhriatrenga, VLC: Mizo mi ropui – HK Bawichhuaka, published by Vanlalvena Chhangte for Kumtluang Run Publication, Aizawl, 2014

Vanthuama, H: Mizoram Politics Chanchin (1952 Hmalam), published by Vanlalmawii, Aizawl, 2001

Vumson: Zo History, published by the Author, Aizawl

Woodthorpe, Robert Gosset: The Lushai Expedition, 1871-1872, published by Hurst & Blackett, London, 1873

Zama, C: Hmarchhak mi ropui pahnih, published by the Author, Aizawl, 2008

Zama, C: Untold Atrocity (The struggle for freedom in Mizoram 1966 – 1986), published by the Author, New Delhi, 2014

Zoram Writers Club, Mizoram Kum 100, published by Synod Literature & Publication Board, Aizawl, 1996

Zorema, J: Indirect Rule in Mizoram 1890 – 1954, published by Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2007

……………………….. xox ………………………..

Sawiho tur te:

Mizoram (Lushai Territory) hi India Independent hmain British-India kan ni ngai em? Nge Foreign Autonomy angin kan awm?

India Union chhunga lut tur hian duhthlan theihna kan nei em?  India Union chhunga kan lut hi kan thatpui nge kan chhiatpui zawk?

MNF Independent Declaration hi belhchian a dawl em? MNF Independent movement hian Mizo society-ah nghawng tha leh nghawng tha lo a neihte sawi ho ni se.

Tun dinhmunah Mizote hi Independent turin kan inpeih reng em? Zofate hmasawn zelna turin eng hi nge kawng pawimawh hmasa ber ni-a kan hriat?

……………………….. xox ………………………..